The Many Faces of Parenthood

Non-genetic parents among hunter-gatherers

When I was 11, my parents began a sudden and steep drop into financial destitution.

One thing my parents have always been rich in is relationships. So I had a lot of choices of where to go to get fed.

They had siblings of the heart in Singapore, who took me for two years.

I would be reunited with my parents at 13, and then leave again at 15 to stay with an aunt and uncle in Texas.

Forms of non-genetic parenthood are common among hunter-gatherers, though they tend not to have an adoption/foster split.

And next to no apprenticeships, as was common in West African agricultural societies and medieval European life paths.